1-17 THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE FORM
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I have been working. You have been working. He/She/It has been working. We have been working. You have been working. They have been working.
I haven't been working. You haven't been working. He/She/It hasn't been working. We haven't been working. You haven't been working. They haven't been working.
Have I been working? Have you been working? Has he/she/it been working? Have we been working? Have you been working? Have they been working?
They have been living in this country since last year. You've been studying for exactly three hours. She lias been learning English since she was in secondary school. 1-18 USE OF THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE a) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan eylemleri anlatır ve for, since, all day, all week, all year gibi zaman zarflarıyla çok sık kullanılır. I started to read this book two hours ago, and I'm still reading it. I have been reading this book for two hours. It started to rain yesterday morning, and it is still raining. It has been raining since yesterday morning. You have been working very hard all week. You should take some time to relax at the weekend. The discussion has been going on for two hours, but they haven't taken a decision yet. ELS 39
b) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, geçmişte başlamış, içinde bulunduğumuz anda
henüz bitmiş, ancak belirtileri devam eden eylemler için, ya da özellikle, yakınma,
hoşnutsuzluk ve kuşku gibi duygulan ifade ederken de kullanılır. - Is that child crying? - No, but his eyes are watery. He has been crying. - Your hands are covered in oil. What have you been doing? - I have been fixing the car. - You look very tired. - Yes, I have been working hard today. - Sorry, I'm late. Have you been waiting long? - No, I've only just arrived. You look guilty. You've been doing something bad, haven't you? c) 'Since" ve "for" ile belirtilen zamanlan "how long' soru sözcüğü ile sorabiliriz. Present
Perfect Simple ve Continuous tense'ler, geçmişten günümüze bir süreç belirttiği için,
kesin bir zaman isteyen "when" soru sözcüğünü bu tense'lerle kullanamayız. - When did you move to this city? - I moved here seven years ago. - How long have you been living in this city? - I have been living here for seven years. - When did you become a teacher? (Ne zaman öğretmen oldunuz?) - I became a teacher in 1986. - How long have you been a teacher? (Ne zamandan beri öğretmensiniz?) - I have been a teacher since 1986. 1-19 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE or PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS a) Geçmişte başlayıp, içinde bulunduğumuz anda hala devam etmekte olan, ya da henüz
bitmiş olan bir eylemi anlatan bazı fiiller, her iki tense ile de kullanılır ve aynı anlamı
verir. Bu şekilde yaygın olarak kullanılan fiiller şunlardır: expect lie rain snow study want hope live sleep stand teach work learn look sit stay wait How long have you lived in this city? How long have you been living in this city? She has worked for that firm for the last two years. She has been working for that firm for the last two years. Bu iki tense, birbirinin yerine kullanılabilse de, (Present Continuous Tense'te olduğu gibi) geçici durundan ifade etmek için Present Perfect Continuous tercih edilir. My niece lias been living with us for two years, but she is moving to her own flat next month. b) Continuous Tense'lerle (I am doing, I was doing) kullanılmayan diğer fiiller (non-
progressive verbs) Present Perfect Continuous ile de kullanılmazlar. Ancak, "want' ve
"wish" bu kuralın dışındadır. Look at that lovely shirt in the shop window! I've been wanting one like that for some time. I've been wishing to visit your mother since I heard that she was ill. 4O ELS
Diğer non-progressive fiiller ise Present Perfect Simple ile kullanılır. - What a lovely watch! How long have you bad it? - For over a year. - I see that you are very close friends. Have you known each other for long? - Since we were children. - What a nice old couple! They seem to be very fond of each other. How long
have they been married? - For almost fifty years. They'll celebrate their golden wedding anniversary
next year. - Hello, I have been looking everywhere for you. How long have you been in
this remote part of the park? - Well, I have been thinking over my problems, and I lost track of time. En son diyalogda "been" sözünün kullanımına dikkat ediniz. "How long have you been in this remote part.... " ifadesinde "been", "be" fiilinin past participle biçimidir ve asıl fiil olarak kullanılmıştır. She Is still a student. She has been a student for over six years. They are married now. They have been married for three months. "I have been thinking over my problems." cümlesinde ise "been" yardımcı fiil olarak
kullanılmıştır. r She has been working on her graduation thesis recently. I have been helping her with her English assignments since the beginning of the term. c) Present Perfect Continuous Tense, always, never, sometimes gibi sıklık bildiren zarflarla, once, twice, several times gibi eylemin kaç kez yapıldığını bildiren yapılarla, ya da just, already, yet gibi eylemin bittiğini, tamamlandığını ifade eden yapılarla kullanılmaz. I have always lived here./ I have lived here all my life. I have been living here since I was born. I've been reading this book since this morning, and I've read a hundred pages so far. (Okuma eylemi devam ettiği için "have been reading', yüz sayfalık bölümü tamamlanmış olduğu için "have read') We've been trying to answer a number of questions since the beginning of the class, and we've answered half of them already. He's been writing letters since breakfast time. He's Just written the fourth one, and he has two more letters to write. The door bell has rung twice in the last half hour, and each time, it has been a visitor for my roommate. The door bell has been ringing for the last minute. Why doesn't someone open the door? 1-20 THE PAST PERFECT TENSE FORM
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
I had finished my work. You had studied hard. He/She/It had eaten lunch. We had seen the film. You had helped her. They had heard the news.
I had not finished my work. You had not studied hard. He/She/It had not eaten lunch. We had not seen the film. You had not helped her. They had not heard the news.
Had I finished my work? Had you studied hard? Had he/she/it eaten lunch? Had we seen the film? Had you helped her? Had they heard the news?
Bu tense'i oluşturmak için had + past participle kullanılır. "/ had. We had, She had, etc.' yerine kısaltılmış olarak "I'd, We'd, She'd, etc." yapılarını kullanabiliriz. She had just eaten lunch. I hadn't finished my test when the bell rang. I had already finished my work when the guests arrived. I didn't want to go to the cinema, because I'd seen the film before. 1-21 USE OF THE PAST PERFECT TENSE a) Past Perfect Tense, Present Perfect Tense'in past biçimidir. Present: I am not hungry. I have Just eaten. Past: When I went home, I wasn't hungry, because I had just eaten. Present: I have never seen a kangaroo before. Past: When I went to Australia last year, I saw a kangaroo there. I had never seen a kangaroo before. Present: I don't want to see that film. I've already seen it. Past: I didn't want to go to the cinema with my friends. 1 had already seen the film. Present: I can't go out with you now. My daughter hasn't come back from school yet.
Past: I couldn't go out with them, because my daughter hadn't come back from school yet. b) Since, for, always, etc. gibi zarflarla kullanımı: Since, for, always gibi zarfların, Present Perfect Tense (/ have done) ile kullanıldığını ve geçmişte başlayıp içinde bulunduğumuz ana kadar devam eden ya da içinde bulunduğumuz anda da devam etmekte olan eylemleri ifade ettiğini görmüştük. Since, for, always gibi zarflar, Past Perfect Tense (I had done) ile de kullanılır. Ancak bu kez, geçmişte başlayıp yine geçmişte bir noktaya kadar devam etmiş olan eylemleri anlatır. 1-22 PRESENT PERFECT or PAST PERFECT
MORE EXAMPLES: We were going to meet in front of the cinema at 2 p.m. yesterday. I arrived there at 2p.m. sharp, but she hadn't come yet. When it was 2.30 and she still hadn't come, I gave up waiting and went into the cinema. Yesterday, the traffic was heavy, and it took me a long time to get home. When I arrived home, my parents bad already eaten their dinner. Last year, he made a very bad mistake at work, but his boss couldn't dismiss him just for that. He bad worked there for ten years and hadn't done anything wrong before then. Past Perfect Tense, geçmişte belli bir noktada olmuş olaylardan söz ederken, daha geçmişte olmuş eylemi vurgulamak için de kullanılır. When I saw her again ten years later, I found her greatly changed, both physically and mentally. She had dyed her hair blond and had got thinner. She had left her parents and had started to earn her own living. When her marriage was breaking up, she remembered her father's words. He had warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage, and he had told her that she was too young to face them. She hadn't listened to him then and had got married. She now realized how right he had been. Ancak, amaç geçmişteki olayları sadece akış sırasına göre vermekse, Past Perfect kullanmak gerekmez. She wanted to get married when she was only eighteen. Her father objected to it. He warned her against the difficulties of taking on the responsibility of marriage at such an early age, but she didn't listen to him and got married. Bazı durumlarda ise Simple Past ya da Past Perfect kullanılması anlam değişikliğine yol açar. 1. When we arrived at the farm house, I warned her to beware of the dog.
(Çiftlik evine varınca, köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyardım.) 2. When we arrived at the farm house, she was cautious. I had warned her to
beware of the dog. (Çiftlik evine vardığımızda, tedbirliydi. Köpeğe dikkat etmesi için onu uyarmıştım.) Yukarıdaki cümlelerden birincisinde "uyarma' eylemi çiftlik evine gelince, ikincisinde ise gelmeden önce yapılmıştır. When I arrived at the party, Chris left. (First, I arrived. Then Chris left, so I saw him.) When I arrived at the party, Chris had left. (First, he left. Then I arrived, so I didn't see him.) While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car had run into a cyclist. (/ didn't see the accident happen.) While I was coming here, I saw an accident. A car ran into a cyclist. (/ saw the accident happen.) 48 ELS
1-23 SIMPLE PAST and PAST PERFECT TENSES in TIME CLAUSES Bu tense'leri zaman bağlaçlanyla kullanırken, eylemlerin geçmişteki oluş sıralarını dikkate almamız gerekir. İki eylemden daha önce olanını Past Perfect ile, daha sonra olanını ise Simple Past ile ifade edebiliriz.
First: She cleaned the house. Second: The guests arrived. After she had cleaned the house, the guests arrived. Before the guests arrived, she had cleaned the house. She had cleaned the house when the guests arrived. a) With after After + Past Perfect, Simple Past Simple Past After she had graduated from university, she went to England. After we had travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village. "After" in bağlı bulunduğu cümle, cümlenin sonunda da yer alabilir. She felt better after she had taken an aspirin. After she had taken an aspirin, she felt better. "After", geçmişteki iki eylemden daha önce olanını ifade ettiği için, bağlı bulunduğu cümlede normalde Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak "after", eylemlerin sırasını zaten belirttiği için, Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanabiliriz. Bu durumda anlam değişmez. After she graduated from university, she went to England. After we travelled on a coach for ten straight hours, we continued our journey by horse to get to the mountain village. b) With before: Before + Simple Past, Past Perfect Simple Past "Before" un bağlı olduğu cümle, geçmişte yapılan iki eylemden, daha sonra yapılanı ifade ettiği için, "before'lu cümlede Simple Past, temel cümlede ise Past Perfect kullanılır. Ancak "before" da "after" gibi eylemlerin sırasını belirttiği için, temel cümlede Past Perfect yerine Simple Past da kullanılır. Before she came to live in this city, she had lived in İzmir. Before she came to live in this city, she lived in İzmir. Before she came to live in this city, she lived in İzmir I had finished my exam paper before the bell rang. I finished my exam paper before the bell rang. ELS 49
"Before" un bağlı bulunduğu cümledeki eylemin tamamlanmış olduğunu vurgulamak için, özellikle finish, complete gibi fiillerle, Past Perfect kullanmak mümkündür. The teacher didn't let anyone out before all the students had finished the test. The other students finished/had finished the test before I had even completed half of it. rnipie
I didn't interrupt him until/till he finished his speech. had finished I didn't speak to him until/till he spoke to me. had spoken "Until/till" ile Past Perfect kullanımı çok yaygın değildir. Ancak, yan cümledeki eylemin temel cümledeki eylemden önce tamamlanmış olduğunu vurgulamak istersek, Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. Aksi takdirde, Simple Past kullanmamız yeterlidir. They didn't leave the office until I had completed my report. (They left after I had completed my report.) She didn't give up studying prepositions until she had learnt them by heart. "Till/Until" ile kurulmuş bir cümlede, Past Perfect Tense'in never, always, once, in his life gibi zarflarla kullanımını göz önüne alarak, temel cümlede Past Perfect kullanmak mümkündür. Until I saw one in Australia last year, I had never seen a kangaroo. The teacher had always been patient with us until we made her furious yesterday. The students hadn't ever heard of that author until I mentioned him.
"As soon as", temel cümleyle yan cümlenin eylemleri arasında geçen zamanın çok kısa olduğunu vurgular. Eylemleri oluş sırasına göre dizdiği için, Past Perfect kullanmak zorunlu değildir. Ancak birinci eylemin tamamlandığını vurgulamak amacıyla, Simple Past yerine Past Perfect kullanabiliriz. 50 a ELS
As soon as the guests left/had left, I went straight to bed. I went to see her as soon as I heard/had heard the news. The students burst into laughter as soon as the teacher left/had left the classroom. As soon as they found/had found a better house, they sold | 
Izmir Canteen 
